The American Colonies During Colonial America - 1229 Words

Dinner! That simple word can inspire lots of emotions and excitement. If called to dinner, one would run in to eat a hot meal. In Colonial America dinner was the main meal of the day. The food that was served and how it was prepared depended on which region and what ingredients were available. Starvation was real in early American colonies. It was so bad in the beginning that in the first year, â€Å"Two desperate colonists were tied to posts and left to starve as punishment for raiding the colonies stores. One colonist even took to cannibalism, eating his own wife.† The American colonies from 1600-1775 consisted of three main regions, New England colonies, the Middle Colonies, and The Southern colonies. Each region developed a unique cooking style and used local ingredients common to that area. The Middle colonies had a longer growing season than the New England colonies and had better soil to plant, so they had more options for food sources. In addition to that, more animals were available to them year round. The Southern colonies also had very fertile soil and long growing seasons, and the plantation provided an abundance of food, most of which was prepared by the slaves. The slaves also brought some of their own plants and style of spicy cooking with them. The New England colonies had the hardest time, with short growing seasons, poor soil or rocky soil, and cold long winters. Without the help of the Native Americans and the ingenuity of the colonists, survival of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Life in the Seventeenth Century: Study Notes1206 Wo rds   |  5 PagesEnglish migrants to the North American colonies were laborers. 2. By 1700, English colonial landowners began to rely more heavily on African slavery because of a declining birthrate in England. 3. Regarding colonial life expectancy during the seventeenth century, life expectancy in New England was unusually high. 4. In the seventeenth century, white women in colonial Chesapeake averaged one pregnancy for every two years of marriage. 5. Compared to women in colonial Chesapeake, New EnglandRead More Seven Years War Essay example661 Words   |  3 PagesYears War proved to be a crossroads in the history of British colonial rule in America. Britain was victorious, but after defeating her French foes (along with their Indian allies), Britain was left to contemplate the ramifications of a war that would leave her relationship with her American colonies altered forever. This change would eventually lead to conflict between the colonies and Britain, and ultimately the Declaration of American Independence. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In order to understandRead MoreApush Chapter 5 Guided Reading Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesCHAPTER 5: COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION: 1700-1775 Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britains North American colonies? Britain had an advantage over America with their population in 1700. If Americans wanted to revolt, Britain would outnumber them 25 to 1. However, in 1775, with the population increase (and continuing to increase), Britain’s advantage was weakening. There were now onlyRead MoreThe New Of Colonial America1119 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica Colonial America was the era when America was made up of different colonies; in this case there were thirteen. Colonial America lasted from 1587 to 1770, 183 years long. As said before, there were thirteen colonies: four New England colonies, four Middle colonies, and five Southern colonies. The New England colonies were New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, otherwise known as the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The four Middle colonies were New York, Delaware, New JerseyRead MoreThe Seven Years War617 Words   |  3 PagesThe Seven Years’ War, also known as the French and Indian War in the colonies, was the beginning of outward conflict between the British and French over North American colonies. Most Europeans viewed the Indians as a means to get something they wanted; they were pawns during this struggle in North America. During the 18th century, there were many alliances and discord among the Indians and the Europeans. The demise of many alliances wa s the lack of trust and suspicions of betrayal. The EuropeansRead MoreSalutary Neglect Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pagesearly 15th century marks a period in global history known as the Age Of Exploration, during which there was a scramble amongst European nations to explore, settle, and control the corners of the world. It was during this period that the British began to colonize the Americas, and, by the early 1700s, just a couple hundred years later, there were an estimated 250,900 people living in the American colonies. As the colonies grew more autonomous and a number of political issues developed in Britain, the BritishRead MoreEssay about The Independence of Spainish Colonies in America1174 Words   |  5 PagesThe Spanish empire in the Americas faced huge political, social and economic problems in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The empire was stretched to its limit politically and socially with the threat of an uprising from the slave population in its empire. The economy also played a major role and the outlook was just as bleak for Spain with the American colonies drifting towards independence. Spain did not seem able to cope with its empire and had found itself in trouble with regards toRead MoreThe Revolution Of The United States Of America1714 Words   |  7 PagesProtests that Built the United States of America Edward Abbey is quoted as saying, â€Å"A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government† (Abbey). During the 18th century, this is precisely how the United States of America transformed from a group of colonies that served their mother country of England to a completely independent nation founded on the basic principles of democracy. What led to this great transformation and how were these colonists able to break away fromRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The American Revolution Essay1239 Words   |  5 Pagesindependence from the British, America started out as colonies of the British Empire. Being under subjugation, yet there were events that took place prior the occupation of the British Empire. Prior to the occupation, Christopher Columbus set sail to the New World, the Vikings were the first Europeans that had arrived before Christopher Columbus. The history prior to the American Revolution is quite an excellent topic for it gives the peopl e more insight what America was like prior to the BritishRead MoreEssay on The Making of America1371 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the colonial period, what were the factors that hindered or promoted a sense of national identity? At what point did nationalism become a major influence and why? The making of America; many factors that promoted the national identity began with the very first colonist that came to North America. In our primary text, it describes around the late 17th century the British Government established a board to govern the trade of the kingdom. Its purpose was to manage the colonies and plantations

Personal Narrative My Summer Vacation - 1264 Words

Between my sophomore and junior years at college, a chance came up for me to spend the summer vacation working on a ranch in Argentina. My roommate’s father was in the cattle business, and he wanted Ted to see something of it. Ted said he would go if he could take a friend, and he chose me. The idea of spending two months on the fabled Argentine Pampas was exciting. Then I began having second thoughts. I had never been very far from New England, and I had been homesick my first few weeks at college. What would it be like in a strange country? What about the language? And besides, I had promised to teach my younger brother to sail that summer. The more I thought about it, the more the prospect daunted me. I began waking up nights in a†¦show more content†¦But one of my professors was urging me to apply to graduate school and aim at a teaching career. I wavered. The idea of trying to live by writing was scary--a lot more scary than spending a summer on the Pampas, I thought. Back and forth I went, making my decision, unmaking it. Suddenly, I realized that every time I gave up the idea of writing, that sinking feeling went through me; it gave me the blues. The thought of graduate school wasn’t what depressed me. It was giving up on what deep in my gut I really wanted to do. Right then I learned another lesson. To avoid that kind of depression meant, inevitably, having to endure a certain amount of worry and concern. The great Danish philosopher Sovren Kierkegaard believed that anxiety always arises when we confront the possibility of our own development. It seems to be a rule of life that you can’t advance without getting that old, familiar, jittery feeling. Even as children we discover this when we try to expand ourselves by, say, learning to ride a bike or going out for the school play. Later in life we get butterflies when we think about having that first child, or uprooting the family from the old hometown to find a better opportunity halfway across the country. Any time, it seems, that we set out aggressively to get something we want, we meet up with anxiety. And it’s going to be our traveling companion, at least part of the way, into any new venture. When I first began writing magazine articles, I wasShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative1143 Words   |  5 PagesMy Personal Narrative During the second to last week of summer, I traveled with my family to Cedar Point. Cedar Point is a sprawling amusement park with a wide variety of thrill rides, roller coasters, water slides, and entertainment. The park is located near Lake Erie in Sandusky, Ohio. It is the second oldest amusement park in the United States, as it opened 1871. Cedar Point is considered by many to be the â€Å"Roller Coaster Capital of the World† because of its record breaking seventy-one thrillRead MoreEssay on Personal Narrative: White Water Rafting641 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Narrative: White Water Rafting I remember a time in my life not too long ago when my family and I went white water rafting for the first time. We had been spending some of our summer vacation at a cabin in the Smokey Mountains, close to Gatlinburg, Tennessee. The next day we would experience feelings of exhilarating excitement, with a sense of suspense and anticipation as we rafted down the Nantahala River. I recall in vivid detail the scenery around us as we embarked on our perilousRead MorePersonal Narrative : Living Versus Existing1709 Words   |  7 PagesBargdill English 110 6/6/2017 Personal narrative: Living vs Existing I was born in the North Eastern United States during the latter half of the 1970’s. The product of loving, if unadventurous, parents. The surroundings of my home were a place of great enjoyment as a child, and by my fourth or fifth year of life, no place along the street of my home was off limits. The early eighties were quite different from today, and it was very common for the children that lived all along my subdivision to roam theRead MoreDear Journal- Personal Narrative Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesDear Journal- Personal Narrative (Absolute Relative Location) Day 1 – August 2, 2005. I’ve arrived in Australia this morning. What a flight! It took me 11 hours, and I feel like sleeping but it’s only mid-day. The time zone difference is at its max with Australia being 19 hours ahead of Vancouver. Geez, it’s going to take me all week to get over this jet lag. Not only is the time backwards, but also when you flush the water spins the opposite wayRead MoreThe Narrative Of Bill Bray1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe narrative of Bill Bray was encouraging and challenging; the part of the story that spoke to me the most was his interaction with the gatekeepers. Bill Bray was hired as the executive director of The Native American Preparatory School (NAPS). He often had to visit the chairman of the NAPS board at his condo. Every time he would pass the gate, he would be stopped by a series of white men, and each time he had to tell them his business. The gatekeepers would ask series of questions before theyRead MoreGood Writing Is Honesty, Simple, Blatant Honesty1648 Words   |  7 Pagesdescriptions. My instructions for writing are as follows: 1. Be as honest as possible 2. Strive to make each sentence a masterpiece of its own 3. Use complex words to describe complex things. When it comes to honest writing, it does not get any more genuine than narratives, so I wrote one to describe myself and my rules f or life. The Unfortunate Sensitivities of Being a Sixteen Year Old Girl Rule 1: Find the thing that makes you happy, and then do it. Last summer my family took a vacation to TopsailRead MoreFeminism In The Awakening1329 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs. Furthermore, the another aspect that helps out the character s believability is the way they get introduced. There are a plethora of characters in this story, but the main characters that follow Edna s journey are the ones that drive the narrative. Since the Awakening begins at a point where Edna is married to Leonce-having the characters introduced throughout her journey of freedom and independence was the best way to present them. There are five characters, besides Edna) that truly embodiedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book What Happy People Know 1621 Words   |  7 Pagesrare quality† (6). He further states that it is â€Å"even scarcer now than it was in earlier, less affluent times† (6). But why are so many people so unhappy? In his book titled â€Å"What Happy People Know†, Dr. Baker reveals what years of research and personal clinical find ings has taught him about the lack of happiness in America. People are afraid of failing, not being enough, or not having enough which triggers the fight or flight response within them. As a result, countless look for ways to preventRead Morestory570 Words   |  2 Pages#### this is a very poorly written personal narrative. ##### Short stories I felt her hair on my face, I smell her scent; I slide slowly away from her so she would not wake. I stopped for a while just to look at her, what a beauty she is. We met last autumn I was doing some repairs in her father’s restaurant; she was and still is helping her parents at the restaurant. Su is waitress and cashier at the restaurant. I had seen her there few times before, my friends told me that she is married andRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay Models 3252 Words   |  14 PagesPersonal Narrative Essay Models Some may not be of high literary quality, but they do show personal transformation and reflection. Others may contain inappropriate subject matter for some communities. However, they can be very useful in encouraging students to write. By choosing a suitable model, demonstrating annotation and applying the steps of the writing process, teachers can help young adults to compose effective personal narrative essays. Begin by allowing the students to review narrative

A Chip of Ruby Glass free essay sample

FocusTheoryâ€Å"A Chip of Ruby Glass† Thesis Essay Take a moment, imagine your life without learning opportunities, knowing no matter how hard you try, your life will still end up being a shoe-shiner, or maybe worse. Once you finished, take a look at history, see what the life of the black was like and relate to them. Many have died, sacrifice their life for the banishment of racism, and so did the people who agrees with it; the oppression they were under was unbelievable, it drove thousands crazy and finally, somewhere, somehow, someone will stand up and fight for justice, even if it costs his life. In the short story â€Å"A Chip of Ruby Glass†, Nadine Gordimer created a courageous character, Mrs. Bamjee, Girlie ; to send us a message saying that fighting for the weaker is everyone’s responsibility, we must not quit fighting even though we failed at times. Everything started to get serious when the duplicator machine was brought into the house. We will write a custom essay sample on A Chip of Ruby Glass or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"When the duplicating machine was brought into the house†¦ Let them go ahead with it. † (630). This is where the story begins, Mrs. Bamjee brings a duplicating machine home with a black taxi driver as Nadine described. This machine was used to print or produce protesting leaflets against the government. Her plan was to tell the natives to stay at home during workday, burn their pass to fight for freedom and let the government see. Mrs. Bamjee here, she’s not just a believer who agrees with people, she’s the one who’s willing to fight, to bring troubles upon herself for other, which is bringing the duplicator home and print illegal leaflets to show the government that they are wrong and the black deserves to be treated equally as the white even though the situation doesn’t affect her and her family a bit. Mrs. Bamjee clearly recognizes that fighting for others is her responsibility as well as others’. Mrs. Bamjee’s plan to pass out the leaflets failed, she was taken away to prison along with her duplicator. Mrs. Bamjee just wouldn’t give up just yet for justice, deep inside, she knows at some point she was going to succeed if she keeps trying hard. â€Å"The hunger strike at the prison went into the second week†¦ Devils who will burn and kill us. † (638) This quote tells us the status of what’s happening in the prison, there was a hunger strike during the two weeks since Mrs. Bamjee was taken to prison. As a brave believer, Mrs. Bamjee decided to participate in the hunger strike herself, along with others. This was a heroic action from Mrs. Bamjee, which could make a big impact to the government’s perspective of the black and how a normal white citizen could be sympathetic and perceive no differences of the both ethnics. After Mrs. Bamjee was arrested, Bamjee was devastated. He has to take care of nine children while having a full time job. The feelings he had for her was resenting, â€Å"It was only when relations and neighbors came to the house that Bamjee would suddenly begin to talk†¦ The lump of resentment and wrongness stopped his throat again. † (637), the neighbor stopped by, trying to persuade Bamjee that his wife’s action was noble and generous. Although she failed, but later on Girlie persuaded him to take a better look at Mrs. Bamjee and how she is. â€Å"No, He said. I didn’t know, didn’t think†¦ like the fact of the belly that lay between him and her daughter† (640), Bamjee finally realized who Mrs. Bamjee is. All of this was because people kept persuading him about his wife, how great she really is, they didn’t give up on Mrs. Bamjee and finally they succeeded. Nadine Gordimer’s purpose was to persuade readers to keep fighting for what they think is right through the characters she created and their actions. After these evidences, you can conclude that what people fought for continuously have finally paid off, black people have finally gained equality because of people like Mrs. Bamjee. It was a great lesson she taught us and that’s what we should teach others.

Reed College Essays - Reed College, Reed, , Term Papers

Reed College I could tell you a heartfelt, sentimental, poignant story about first seeing a Reed College refrigerator magnet (my uncle got it at a reunion, I think) and feeling first deep emotions stirring somewhere inside my spleen. Or I could meticulously paraphrase the numerous brochures and articles about Reed that I have perused. Yet another option would be to rent a small airplane and skywrite, I want to go to Reed, in colorful pollutants. And I probably would resort to one of these strategies, had I not some real incentives to attend Reed College. They are based on what I have learned from The Princeton Review, general knowledge, conversations I have overheard, and other miscellaneous tidbits of information sent to me by friends and relatives. First of all, I must express my admiration to the people who have decided that education is, after all, the purpose and responsibility of a college and established the precedence of academics over sports at Reed college. I'd like to attend a school where I, a debater, will not be viewed as a second-class citizen by football players. Secondly, the notoriety of great educational standards has reached me all the way in Vancouver (OK, so it is only across the river) and enticed, attracted, and urged me to apply to Reed. Rumors of the side effects of avalanches of homework and sleepless nights have crept here, too, but I'm up to the challenge. After two years of juggling high school, college, and extracurricular activities, receiving assignments only at one place just might be paradise. Lastly, Reed's geographical location is just like pretty wrapping paper and a big red bow on a present that's already great ( forgive the allusions to the Haagen-Dasz commercials). Living in Portland, I would be simultaneously away from my family in Vancouver--and as close as I might need to be! Not only would I have the opportunity to become better acquainted with Portland, but also to judge at debate tournaments for my old high school! The possibilities are mouthwatering. Jokes aside, I believe that attending Reed will be one of the most sensible things I might do in my whole life. Learning is what I do best, and at Reed I will have the perfect opportunity to excel at it. Acceptance Essays

Interpretation Of Blakes The Lamb And The Tyger Essays - The Tyger

Interpretation Of Blake's The Lamb And The Tyger Essays - The Tyger Interpretation Of Blake's The Lamb And The Tyger The Tyger and The Lamb reveals Blake's interest in the opposites.Each symbolize things that are the opposites The Lamb represents good and peace, while The Tyger represents evil. Many people will find The Tyger the more interesting poem. The Tyger is repeatedly asking one question, What would dare to make such a creature? Blake is expressing what type of being would make such an evil creature. God made the creature, not because he wanted evil, but everything has a touch of evil. Blake's poems are tied to the Romanitic age. They examplify mystery and beauty of life. Bibliography I'm a 17 year old senior from Indiana. I did this interpretation for my advanced senior english class

Marine Arthropod Facts and Examples

Marine Arthropod Facts and Examples Arthropods are animals in the Phylum Arthropoda, a very diverse group of organisms that includes insects, crabs, lobsters, scorpions, and centipedes. Characteristics of Arthropods: All arthropods have: Jointed legs, making them quick-moving organismsA segmented bodyA hard exoskeleton made of a strong polysaccharide called chitin. This hard shell helps protect the animal and retains moisture. Classification: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda Habitat and Distribution: Arthropods are found in habitats all over the world - dry land, fresh water, and salt water. In the ocean, they can live from coastal habitats like sandy beaches and intertidal areas all the way to the deep sea. Reproduction: Most arthropods reproduce sexually, through internal fertilization. In many arthropods, such as crabs, you can see eggs attached to the abdomen. Marine Examples of Arthropods: Examples of marine arthropods: LobstersCrabs (e.g., green crab, spider crab, hermit crab)Horseshoe crabsSea spidersBarnaclesCopepodIsopodsAmphipodsSkeleton shrimp

Systematic Health Program Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Systematic Health Program Evaluation - Essay Example A health program is â€Å"an organized response to reduce or eliminate one or more problems by achieving one or more objectives, with the ultimate goal of improving the health of society.† (Shortell & Richardson, 1978 as cited by Grembowski, 2001, p.3). Program evaluation, representing the techniques and concepts of social science, is the use of social research methods to systematically investigate the effectiveness of social intervention programs and is â€Å"intended to be useful for improving programs and informing social action aimed at ameliorating social problems.† (Rossi, Lipsey & Freeman, 2003, p.28). â€Å"Evaluation research can be defined as a type of study that uses standard social research methods for evaluative purposes, as a specific research methodology, and as an assessment process that employs special techniques unique to the evaluation of social programs† (Powell, 2006). Ever since the concept of value for money in health care was introduced there has been concerted effort to develop techniques that assist decision makers to bring a balance between benefits and costs associated with each option available before them and â€Å"the early application of cost-benefit analysis were undertaken in the United States during the 1930s in connection with flood control programs.† (Robinson, 1993). Policy analysis and evaluation research received fillip at the federal government level in the year 1965 with the introduction of ‘the War on Poverty-Great Society initiative and the Executive Order establishing the Planning-Programming-Budgeting system in the U.S. Both programs initiated scholars to examine the â€Å"efficiency with which public measures allocate resources.... ed scholars to examine the "efficiency with which public measures allocate resources, their impacts on individual behavior, their effectiveness in attaining the objectives for which they were designed, and their effects" in bridging the socio-economic divide. (Rossi, Lipsey & Freeman, 2003, p. 14). Program evaluation is defined as the use of social research methods to systematically investigate the effectiveness of social intervention programs in ways that are adapted to their political and organizational environments that are designed to inform social action in ways that improve social condition. The evaluation sponsors are the person, group, or organization that requests or requires the evaluation and provides the resources to conduct it. Stakeholders include individuals, groups, or organizations having a significant interest in how well a program functions, for instance, those with decision-making authority over the program, funders and sponsors, administrators and personnel, and clients or intended beneficiaries. The findings of an evaluation may be used by decision makers and other stake holders in their day-to-day management level or at broader funding or policy levels. The health promotion cycle consists of four stages, beginning with needs assessment, leading to program planning, implementation and then to evaluation. According to Hawe, Degeling, and Hall (1990) for health promotion, evaluation involves measurement and observation and comparison with some criterion or standard. An evaluation tries to answer the differences made with the introduction of a particular health promotion program and the changes in health status it has produced. Hence, an evaluation involves observing, documenting and measuring of the actual results of the programs in relation to the

Huella Online Travel Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Huella Online Travel - Case Study Example Because the biggest problem is the insecurity issues related to the mode of payment, the company should make sure that they enhance their target client’s trust. Introduction Huella Online Travel Ltd faces challenges of winning the market share in Hong Kong regardless of its good performance in other places. As a market research firm, we are adrafting a proposal where we are going to highlight the major challenges the Huella faces in capturing the Hong Kong Market. The company identified Hong Kong as a potential market for their services because the city has higher population who are tech savvy and are of young generation. We, at Market sense, are going to suggest some ways that the Huella may use to overcome its problems. After thinking of many survey techniques, we employed the best technique that enables us to understand the problem and provide the best solution. Background Huella Online Travel Ltd, a Malaysian-based online travel portal targeting Asia such as Greater China had its market share hovering under 5% since launching its site in Hong Kong. The general performance in Hong Kong has been poorer than any other market. Despite introducing their services to the techno-savvy nature of the Hong Kong population, their services especially the online flight purchases recorded low transaction. We have prepared a research proposal to solve some of the problems Huella faces in gaining the Hong Kong market. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design we are going to use is a descriptive research.

How did minority groups struggle for civil rights Essay Example for Free

How did minority groups struggle for civil rights Essay They were saying that a new culture is spreading like a wild fire in opposition with the culture of waging war. Perhaps this has something to do with the 58,000 American soldiers who died instantly in the Vietnam War during the sixties and another 5,000 and more dying in the Iraqi war of today. People demonstrated to give peace a chance with 250,000 citizens marched from the Capitol to the Washington Monument (Cassutto, 1999), several propagandas to lead the largest anti-war campaign by some minority groups struggling for their civil rights to be heard. Some of them are the Chicago Seven, Students for a Democratic Society, the civil rights movement, the New Left and so forth. Counterculture groups protested and even launched riots that included fire and even death. With their self expressions or trends in the form of arts and poetry that seemed to be harmless in challenging the government of what they believed in, still some uses drugs, LSD and other vices which are very popular to the youth of today. It seemed that if contempt breeds contempt then same too with violence and regression. The Sixties Project Web Site challenges on opinions and the recent history. Those who lived in the sixties could tell and reflect on their stories. They even have Vietnam Generation Journal which can be very interesting for researching scholarly works to create a change. However, there will always be war no matter what we do. Histories have repeated itself and life’s hard earned lessons proven it. As long as there is governance that stands for the truth, thought it is not perfect America will stand to upheld liberty and democracy among all nations. There will always be war to combat evil and as long as there is a country to be protected from villains. References Cassutto, G. (1999). Counterculture of the Sixties [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 14 September 2007 from http://www. cyberlearning-world. com/nhhs/html3/culture. htm.

RU-486 :: essays research papers

Ethics 101 Stienfeld Deliberation Brief RU- 486 â€Å"Mifepristone, The French Abortion Pill, The â€Å"anti-pregnancy† pill, Mifeprex, Abortion by Pill, RU- 486, ru486, mifegyne, M&M, RU-486, Miracle Pill, The Abortion Pill, non-surgical abortion, the â€Å"easy† abortion, Makes-the-baby-go-away pill, Unpregnancy, Contragestion Chemical Abortion, RU-28486, Medical Abortion, Mf.† (RU486: The Pill, The Process, and The Problems). Call if what you want, but on September 28, 2000 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug known as RU-486, which will now be known by trade name as Mifeprex. Basically, what this drug does is cease early pregnancy. A woman may take this drug 49 days or less from the beginning of the last menstrual period. By using this method, three steps need to be taken. The first step includes a dose of three 200 milligrams of Mifepristone orally. The next step occurs two days later taking two 200 micrograms of Misoprostol orally. After completing those two dosages the woman has to go back to the doctor for a â€Å"follow-up† visit about 14 days later, to make sure that the procedure was successful, and the pregnancy was indeed terminated. Even though the procedure sounds easy, there are many set backs that make the drug not â€Å"the easy way† out. A woman will experience about 9-16 days of bleeding or spotting, other side effects may be nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and painful cramping. Unlike an abortion the procedure is indeed a process, it isn’t a wham-bam-thank-you-ma’am type of ordeal. There are very serious and cautious steps a woman needs to take in order for the abortion pill to complete itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Looking back at the history of RU-486, we need to take a trip to Europe back in 1980, which is when it was invented. Years later it was approved in France in 1988, and manufactured by a French industry called Roussel-Uclaf, hence the name RU. The 486 came from the shortened version of the first compound number the pill had, or 38486. After the drug started to spread throughout Europe, many other non-Europe countries such as Russia, United Kingdom, China, Israel, and South Africa approved the pill as well. Although the drug was becoming â€Å"popular† across seas, the United States delayed permission to allow the drug. The main reason for this delay was that President George Bush was a strong pro-life advocate, but that all changed in 1993 when President Bill Clinton came into office. In 1996, tests were being done with the FDA to approve the RU-486 pill.

Body, Perception and Identity in ‘the Birthmark’ and ‘Hands’

Social sciences have often dealt with the relationship between a person’s body figure and his or her self-image. In this respect, the sociologist Carolina Gonzalez Laurino (2008: 23) claims that â€Å"la construccion social de la identidad se encuentra en estrecha relacion con la auto-percepcion del cuerpo. † However, the image an individual has of his or her own figure may be affected by other people’s perception. In the case of â€Å"The Birthmark,† by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"Hands,† by Sherwood Anderson, the body plays a central role because it determines the characters’ identities and the way they interact with others. It is the purpose of this essay to explore the ways in which the characters of Georgiana and Wing construct and alter their identity and self-image by the way in which their anatomies are described and treated by others. In â€Å"The Birthmark,† Georgiana’s self-image undergoes two major changes under the influence of male perception. At first, some of her lovers admire the birthmark: â€Å"Many a desperate swain would have risked his life for the privilege of pressing his lips to the mysterious hand. (Hawthorne 284) For this reason, Georgiana believes that the mark on her left cheek is a feature of which she should be proud. Later, however, this view of her mark changes due to the influence of her husband’s words and actions: after asking Aylmer about the words he uttered in his sleep and seeing his reaction –â€Å"Aylmer sat in his wife’s presence with a guilty feeling† (Hawthorne 286) – Georgiana urges Aylmer to remove the birthmar k no matter the consequences: â€Å"let the attempt be made at whatever cost† (Hawthorne 286). Gradually, she starts to feel her husband’s hatred herself, and this repulsion is intensified to the point in which she would rather die than carry on living with the mark: â€Å"for life, while this hateful mark makes me the object of your horror and disgust, – life is a burden which I would fling down with joy† (Hawthorne 286). In Sherwood Anderson’s story, the main character’s life is dramatically changed by the community’s perception of his hands. As a young man, he has a positive view of his hands because they are the means through which he expresses himself: â€Å"By the caress that was in his fingers he expressed himself. † (Anderson 31-32) However, when the community in Pennsylvania turns against him, the way in which they talk about the hands changes his perception of that part of his body: â€Å"Although he did not understand what had happened he felt that the hands must be to blame. Again and again the fathers of the boys had talked about the hands. † (Anderson 33). As a result, Wing constantly tries to conceal his hands, and every time he speaks to George, he tries to occupy them in some insignificant activity so as to prevent them from expressing something undesirable. However, one afternoon, when Wing is talking to the young reporter, he loses control of his hands for a moment and they move freely and caress the boy. This situation deeply disturbs Biddlebaum: â€Å"With a convulsive movement of his body, Wing Biddlebaum sprung to his feet and thrust his hands deep into his trouser pockets- Tears came to his eyes† (Anderson 30). Furthermore, the fear he feels because of what his hands may be capable of causing changes his personality from a confident, sociable member of the community to that of a timid man who chooses to isolate himself. This significant change is also reflected by the fact that he moves to a different city and changes his last name to Biddlebaum. In this regard, the effect that the perception of the community of Winesburg has is shown by the part they take in the creation of his new identity: â€Å"[the hands’] restless activity (†¦) had given him his name† (Anderson 28). From the aspects analyzed above, it can be concluded that the image each of these characters has of him or herself is greatly influenced by other people’s perception. The way in which either their whole bodies or parts of them are viewed affects who they – believe – they are and the way they interact with those around them.

Bharti Enterprises Essay

Ensuring that the look and feel of the store is as per guidelines/standards Ensuring/ reporting Inventory and Stock availability as per the norms to prevent stock-outs Provide suggestions /feedback to improve store productivity People Development / Team Management: Acting as a mentor and trainer for store staff To ensure daily roistering & briefing to inbound & outbound store staff Customer Experience: Manage staff allocation based on demand at point in time Personally step in to handle demanding customers Provide suggestions for improvements in CE 4. A. On Diversity and Cultural spread in Africa, As Africa consists of 53 countries, to operate successfully it is important to understand the dynamics of each country, including differences in culture, language and especially regulations. Bharti would do well to put in place as few expatriates as possible and have most of its top management from Africa. b. On Infrastructure sharing and cost / capital issues, The biggest driver of network sharing will be the shift in approach of the biggest operators, who had been unwilling to share network to sustain competitive advantage. There is visible network sharing in the markets of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, and that this is likely to pick up in other markets. c. On Bharti Airtel’s Minute Factor Model, Network sharing and IT outsourcing would help operators bring down costs. While costs could trend down, however they will be higher than in India because of some of the structural costs caused by power shortage and poor infrastructure. 5. Bharti Airtel has a history of making first moves and emerging as the winner just because of that. This is what built the company’s success in India, where it remains the top MNO and second-largest fixed-line operator. In fact, thanks to the massive market it serves at home, at the time it acquired the Zain portfolio in March 2010 Airtel was reckoned to be the fifth largest mobile operator in the world on a proportional subscriber basis, putting it behind the likes of China Mobile, Vodafone Group, American Movil and Telefonica, but ahead of China Unicom. As has been widely covered for over a year now, Airtel has been looking at Africa as a new growth market. While it has a deal with Vodafone for the Channel Islands, Africa is the only other territory outside the Indian subcontinent (including Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) that the company has entered. The commonalities are compelling: similar markets, needs and infrastructure. The realities on the ground are somewhat more challenging: logistics, legislative compliance and serious local competition being foremost. The logistics of infrastructure in Africa are an equal challenge for all MNOs. That is a given. Where Airtel might have been overly optimistic is in hoping its Africa model would run similarly to its success in India, based on a first-to-market approach and having some leverage to overcome legislative obstacles. Unfortunately, while Airtel has a 30-year history of being first in India (with pushbutton phones, cordless phones and then mobile), they were not first in Africa. There were major EU, Middle East and South African players there ahead of them. In fact, Airtel’s African expansion is largely thanks to its takeover of Kuwait’s Zain mobile operations in 15 countries. This was a beachhead, not a conquest. Zain only held dominant market share in a few countries. Going up against market leaders such as MTN of South Africa, Airtel applied a strategy of extensive cost cutting. This followed on what it achieved in India, cutting a deal with Ericsson for per-minute fees (rather than upfront payment) that enabled very low-cost call rates from the outset. Airtel has an all-Africa, five-year deal in place with Ericsson for network management that offers similar advantages. Elsewhere, Airtel is engaged with Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei, not keeping all its eggs in one basket, of course. As a Plan B, possibly following on the indecisive outcome of Airtel’s low-cost invasion, the company has previously been negotiating a takeover of or (maybe) a joint venture with MTN itself. How this putative deal is described depends on which company is talking. This has been going on for some four years without a definitive ending. Even if it never happens, it is a signpost of just what Airtel would consider to get its Africa operations truly established.

Rip Van Winkle Essay Essays

Rip Van Winkle Essay Essays Rip Van Winkle Essay Paper Rip Van Winkle Essay Paper Essay Topic: Rip Van Winkle Freedom brings felicity. This is a major message shown in the narrative Rip Van Winkle. Rip Van Winkle is about a adult male who slept through the American Revolution for twenty old ages. During those 20 old ages he slept. his small town and the whole state underwent a major alteration that affected the hereafter of America. Written during the early 1800s when American literature was to a great extent influenced by the Europeans. Washington Irving portrays America’s hunt for an individuality through one of the first true American literature. Rip Van Winkle. utilizing elements and features of the literary epoch of American Romanticism. Washington Irving was born on April 3. 1783 to wealthy parents as the youngest of 11. His older brothers influenced Irving’s gustatory sensation in literature. One brother that indirectly led Washington Irving to success was named Peter. In 1815. Peter sent Irving to Liverpool to seek to salvage their household concern at that place which was on the brink of bankruptcy. He failed to salvage it. and the concern became bankrupt in 1818. Irving chose to stay in Europe after this incident and decided to do a life as an writer. As he traveled Irving recorded his ideas. observations. and ideas in a bantam diary. He subsequently turned these entries into short narratives and compiled them into a aggregation in which he called The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon. This aggregation contained short narratives based off of European common people narratives but in American scenes. every bit good as essays. Included in the aggregation is Rip Van Winkle. which was based off of the German folk tale. Peter Klaus. The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon became a success and was well-received by Europe. in which during the collection’s publication. 1819. did non respect American literature and even thought there was no such thing. The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon became an of import milepost in American literature history. and proved that American literature could be independent of European literature. Rip Van Winkle is considered one of the theoretical accounts of American Romanticism and it demonstrates many features of this literary epoch. Normally. the chief character or hero of some literatures are already well-known and are of high position. One of the features of American Romanticism is the common adult male as the chief character or hero. The common adult male is an mundane individual ; he’s non particular or person well-known. This characteristic is demonstrated in Rip Van Winkle. â€Å"I have observed that he was a simple good-natured ; he was. furthermore. a sort neighbour. and an obedient henpecked hubby. † Rip Van Winkle is merely a common small town adult male. He does non come from a reputable household. nor does he hold a high place such as governed. He is merely a sort adult male who obeys his married woman and enjoys assisting his neighbours. Another prevailing feature of American Romanticism is the chief character’s inclination to seek safety in nature. They turn to nature when they are confronting jobs or experiencing inferior. â€Å"Poor Rip was at last decreased about to desperation ; and his lone option. to get away from the labour of the farm and blare of his married woman. was to take gun in manus and saunter off into the forests. † Here hapless Rip Van Winkle is in hurt from being invariably nagged by his married woman. Dame Van Winkle. The lone topographic point he can acquire off from her and hold peace is in the forests of the Kaatskill mountains. Nonconformity is another trait that American Romantic plants tend to possess. â€Å"Rip. in fact. was no politician ; the alterations of provinces and imperiums made but small feeling on him ; but there was one species of absolutism under which he had long groaned. and that was- petticoat authorities. † In twenty old ages. Rip Van Winkle’s small town and the whole went through a drastic alteration. Before the American Revolution. the the villagers. normally the work forces. would sit in an hostel dish the dirting about small town events. After the American Revolution. alternatively of dish the dirting about small town events. they gossip about political relations and politicians. America’s swayer changed from a male monarch to a president. These critical alterations did non involvement him. Although he did accept the fact that the people he was familiar with are gone. he chose to non conform to this â€Å"new† state. Washington Irving uses symbolism in Rip Van Winkle to showcase how the the American Revolution impacted the American society and their hereafter. Rip Van Winkle represented America. and his married woman represented England. Rip Van Winkle was controlled by his married woman. much like how America was controlled by England. When America eventually broke off from England’s control. Americans found happiness in their freedom which led them to bit by bit happen their ain individuality. including their literature individuality. When Rip Van Winkle gained freedom from the decease of his married woman. he was eventually able to be happy. to be at peace. and to be able to make as he wishes. Overall. Rip Van Winkle symbolizes how Americans are what they are today. because they eventually gained the freedom to make their ain individuality.

The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China

The Yellow Turban Rebellion in China The people of Han China reeled under a crushing tax load, famine, and floods, while at court, a group of corrupt eunuchs wielded power over the decadent and hapless Emperor Ling.  Chinas government demanded ever more taxes from the peasantry to fund fortifications along the Silk Road, and also to build sections of the Great Wall of China in order to fend off nomads from the Central Asian steppes. As natural and barbarian disasters plagued the land, the followers of a Taoist sect led by Zhang Jue decided that the Han Dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven.  The only cure for Chinas ills was a rebellion and the establishment of a new imperial dynasty.  The rebels wore yellow scarves wrapped around their heads - and the Yellow Turban Rebellion was born. The Origins of the Yellow Turban Rebellion Zhang Jue was a healer and some said a magician.  He spread his messianic religious ideas through his patients; many of them were poor farmers who received free treatments from the charismatic doctor. Zhang used magical amulets, chanting, and other practices derived from Taoism in his cures. He preached that in the year 184 CE, a new historical era would begin known as the Great Peace. By the time the rebellion broke out in 184, Zhang Jues sect had 360,000 armed followers, mostly from the peasantry but also including some local officials and scholars.   Before Zhang could set his plan into motion, however, one of his disciples went to the Han capital at Luoyang and revealed the plot to overthrow the government. Everyone in the city identified as a Yellow Turban sympathizer was executed, more than 1,000 of Zhangs followers, and court officials marched out to arrest Zhang Jue and his two brothers. Hearing the news, Zhang ordered his followers to start the uprising immediately. An Eventful Uprising Yellow Turban factions in eight different provinces rose up and attacked government offices and garrisons. Government officials ran for their lives; the rebels destroyed towns and seized armories.  The imperial army was too small and incompetent to deal with the wide-spread threat posed by the Yellow Turban Rebellion, so local warlords in the provinces built their own armies to put down the rebels.  At some point during the ninth month of the year 184, Zhang Jue died while leading the defenders of the besieged city of Guangzhong.  He likely died of disease; his two younger brothers died in battle with the imperial army later that year. Despite the early deaths of their top leaders, smaller groups of the Yellow Turbans continued to fight for another twenty years, whether motivated by religious fervor or simple banditry. The most important consequence of this on-going popular rebellion was that it exposed the weakness of the central government and led to the growth of warlordism in different provinces around China.  The rise of warlords would contribute to the coming civil war, the dissolution of the Han Empire, and the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period.   In fact, General Cao Cao, who went on to found the Wei Dynasty, and Sun Jian, whose military success paved the way for his son to found the Wu Dynasty, both gained their first military experience fighting against the Yellow Turbans. In a sense, then the Yellow Turban Rebellion spawned two of the three kingdoms.  The Yellow Turbans also allied themselves with another group of major players in the downfall of the Han Dynasty - the Xiongnu. Finally, the Yellow Turban rebels have served as role models for Chinese anti-government movements through the ages, including the Boxer Rebels of 1899-1900 and the modern-day Falun Gong movement.

Medievel Glass at Corning Museum of Glass Assignment

Medievel Glass at Corning Museum of Glass - Assignment Example . People who do not normally see glass as an artwork will be surprised to know that a museum of glass exists. The medieval glass collection of the Corning Museum of Glass (CMG, 2012a) displays a wide range of glass objects that had decorative and functional purposes during medieval times. After conducting a virtual visit of this museum’s â€Å"Medieval Glass for Popes, Princes and Peasants,† this writer realized how much glass can depict cultural and social beliefs, divisions, and struggles. Glass signifies cultural values and social divisions because its transformation across time depicts social stratification and social transformation. Medieval glass begins somewhere, and its humble beginnings reflect the practical needs and social concerns of its users. A 425-dated olive green glass, a Byzantine Cone Beaker, demonstrates a simple design that reflects its functional purpose (see Figure 1). After the Roman Empire disintegrated, tastes in glass varied. In locations where the Franks lived, simpler shapes and decorative styles were the norm. This Byzantine Cone Beaker is designed for convenience, which suggests how this glass expresses the pragmatic needs of its users. Glass art can be used as a â€Å"medium of learning† of another time and culture (Diffey, 1997, p.27). One can only imagine the working-class drinking their wine in pubs or homes and relaxing enough to forget their troubles. This glass stands for the practical demands of people making a living for survival. Nothing is simple with this simple glass. It is simple because life is hard. Figure 1: A Byzantine Cone Beaker, dating 425-599 Source: Corning Museum of Glass (2012b) The latest example of medieval glass in the exhibit is impressive because of its intricate design that depicts strong social changes and inequalities. A Baroque Ewer (see figure 2), a colorless glass with green tinge and numerous bubbles in color combinations, suggests aesthetic beauty and creativity. The top of the handle has a thumb rest, which is an innovation (CMG, 2012b). It signifies the changing society that demands creativity in its products. Moreover, this ewer has evolved a great deal from initial glass designs because it is multi-colored and intricately formed. Even when these things have simple functions, people craved for more beauty in their everyday objects. This beauty essentially represents their social identity. Their demand for more beautiful things in their lives connotes their need for asserting their social importance. Bourdieu talks about social and economic capital that reinforces social inequality (Dillon, 2010). Only the rich can afford this ewer, and design that is important to them becomes something coveted, and yet to the masses it is unimportant. Nevertheless, glass becomes a unique differentiating tool of their social status. Figure 2: A Baroque Ewer, dating 1550-1600 Source: Corning Museum of Glass (2012b) Glass objects represent a groups’ social status and identities. For instance, figure 3 shows a Behaim Beaker that might have been specifically made for a rich merchant’s daughter’s wedding. The wedding took place on July 7, 1495; it was the nuptial of Michael Behaim and Katerina Lochnerin, the daughter of a rich merchant, whose company monopolized the trade between Nuremberg and Venice (CMG, 2012b). This object shows that even the simplest things say something about the owner and his/her culture and society. The name Behaim Beaker belongs to a prominent family and its drawings of saints, birds, and helmets signify pow er. These are objects that help conceive self-identity with â€Å"images [that] shape an individual self-concept† (Freedman, 2003, p.2). It demonstrates power and majesty in

Perspectives of Indonesia to Become Economic Powerhouse in Asia by Essay

Perspectives of Indonesia to Become Economic Powerhouse in Asia by 2030 - Essay Example This essay offers comprehensive analysis of the current state of Indonesian economy and assess its perspectives in becoming Asian economic powerhouse by 2030. Indonesia is an independent republic in Southeast Asia. Indonesia has about 17,000 islands and a population of more than 238 million people, which forms a good foundation for its economy Notably, Indonesia has the largest economy in Southeast Asia and the 16th largest economy in the world. It is also a member of the G-20 major economies and is one of the industrialized and emerging economies in the world Economy refers to the state of a country with respect to natural resources, production, and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money. In Indonesia, the economy or financial value is different and never balances. Today, it is one of the emerging powerhouses in Asia with a large population that offers labor and market as well as a wealth of natural resources. Indeed, its population enhances labor productivity improvements, which boost its economy. Domestic consumption and productivity growth in Indonesia offers a good combination for economic growth. This makes Indonesia stand out in the world as many nations lack this fundamental combination. In fact, after China, Indonesian economy is the fastest growing economy among the G-20 members. However, there are numerous economic challenges hurting the Indonesian economy. There is a recommendation for the government continue to address these challenges with a view of attaining its economic goals. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Methodology 7 Discussion 8 Conclusion 14 References 15 Introduction Indonesia is an independent republic in Southeast Asia. Indeed, Indonesia has about 17,000 islands and a population of more than 238 million people, which forms a good foundation for its economy (Ananta et al, 2011). It is an internationally recognized nation where it ranks fourth in the most populous nations in the world and the second richest country in the world. Notably, Indonesia has the largest economy in Southeast Asia (Belford, 2010) and the 16th largest economy in the world (Oberman et al, 2012). It is also a member of the G-20 major economies in the world and is one of the industrialized and emerging economies in the world (Oberman et al, 2012). The capital city of Indonesia is Jakarta, which is an industrious city. Most assuredly, Indonesia is a very rich country with a wide range of resources, a productive community, and large population. Indeed, Indon esia has many natural resources in earth oil, spice, and agriculture (Ananta et al, 2011). In this context, economy refers to the state of a country with respect to natural resources, production, and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money. In Indonesia, the economy or financial value is different and never balances. Today, Indonesia is one of the emerging powerhouses in Asia with a large population that offers labor and market as well as a wealth of natural resources (Wie & Thee, 2012). Indeed, its population enhances labor productivity improvements, which boost its economy. Notably, the domestic consumption and productivity growth in Indonesia offers a good combination for economic growth. This makes Indonesia stand out in the world as many nations lack this fundamental combination. In addition, Indonesia’s manufacturing industry, chemical industries, automotive, agricultural, and electronic industry enjoy a robust growth thus boosting the overall economic growth of the Southeast Asia nation (Ananta et al, 2011). In fact, after China, Indonesian economy is the fastest growing economy among the G-20 members with an economic growth rate of 6.3 percent in 2012 (Oberman et al, 2012). The country equally boasts of Gross Domestic Product of about $1 trillion at 6.2 % (Asian Development Bank, 2013). Moreover, the government of Indonesia plays a major role in enhancing a market-based economy where the state owns about 141 enterprises and sets prices for various basic goods like electricity, fuel, and rice (Michigan State University, 2013). This ensures that unscrupulous investors do not destabilize the country’s economy. Indonesia participates in global trade where it sells unripe oil to big oil companies like Shell, Castro, and Hexon at competitive prices that guarantee huge returns to the nation. More so, the nation sells raw oil

Demonstrate understanding of the events, circumstances, causes, and Essay

Demonstrate understanding of the events, circumstances, causes, and effects of the significant events of U.S. History Since 1877 - Essay Example One of the events that shaped America history is the 15th amendment that prohibited discrimination or denying the right to vote by American on the excuse of race or colour. This event happened after the whites had passed a legislation that disallowed people of black origin not to vote in elections. Black human rights activists, who put pressure on the government to amend the legislation opposed this move. As a follow up to the 15th amendment, a 19th one was made on the constitution that allowed women to vote in national and local elections. These amendments were made under the congressional reconstruction, which saw the southern states divided into military districts. Under this period, Andrew Johnson was impeached for violating the tenure of office act by removing Staton but the main reason was his defiance for reconstruction of the congress; 18th amendment was also enacted in 1930’s , and it banned production and sale of alcohol in United States of America. Although this ame ndment received huge support from the masses, there were not enough police officers to enact it, and therefore the leaker takers found a way to brew their own beer. With time, the authorities found out that prohibition of production and sale of alcohol contributed a lot to law breaking, this led to the abolishment of the regulation. During the period from 1877 to 1913, United States grew in terms of industrialization to become the leading industrial nation with well-organised railroads, labour and industries. The income of non-farm workers grew by about 75 per cent by 1900 and grew further by 33 per cent by 1918. The first industrial revolution that occurred in America saw production move from artisan to factories, while the second revolution saw the expansion of the factories to in terms of size, coordination and organisation to industry level, which was facilitated by advancements in technology and improvements in transport networks1. New technologies in iron and steel manufacturi ng such as Bessemer process and open-hearth furnace combined with other new technologies in other areas led to increase in productivity. In order to finance these large-scale businesses corporations, mergers, joint ventures of competing firms which created monopolies were a common practice. This period of industrialisation also led to emergence of powerful industrialists such as john Rockefeller, Jay Gould and Andrew Carnegie among other industrialists. The period after 1877 is also referred to as the Gilead age, which was enjoyed by a large number of American elites after the recovery from the 1873 panic, which threatened the industrial revolution in the country. This period was characterised by a massive transfer of wealth, which led to changes in the social organisation in the society as it created a class of super-rich individuals, who controlled the industry and whose networks of business, family and friends ruled the Anglo-Saxon white protestants2. Some reformers started to ar gue that the Gilead age had created corrupt and powerful parties and encouraged voters to participate in the elections. This was evident in voter enthusiasm in elections of 1882 where almost all persons allowed to vote participated in the elections where the main issues were modernization, money, corruption and railroads. Immigration of people from other areas of the world characterised this period up to 1918. It is estimated that about 27.4 million people moved to United States of America in this period with 89 per

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay For the purposes of completing on my report about work group, performance and satisfaction, I was selecting my workplace as a organization requirement to evaluate. My workplace is UTP. Base on references from www.utp.edu.my, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) was established on January 10, 1997. UTP offers a wide range of engineering and technology programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels complemented with a strong focus on Research and Development. Due to assess of performance and satisfaction of a work group, I was selecting one of the UTPs department which is IT Multimedia Services Dept. or ITMS. Under ITMS dept, it has sub division called Information Technology and Facilities Operation, named as ITFO. Furthermore, ITFO has 3 work groups which consist of Inventory Management, Deployment Production and IT Helpdesk Training. These groups are classified as Formal Groups and characterized as Task Groups. All the said groups have interdependence from each other as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: ITFO Work Group: source: UTP ITMS Dept. 1.1 Explanation of work group, performance and satisfaction Based on reference from Wikipedia.com, the definition of work group is a group of people working together toward a common goal, also known as a  working group. Another definition of work group is a group which consists of two or more individual that interacts primarily to share information and to make decision to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. Work group have no need or opportunity to engage in collective work that requires joint effort. So their performance is merely the summation of each group members individual contribution. There is no positive synergy that would create an overall level of performance that is greater than sum of the input. (Robbins, 2004) With regard to Group Behaviour Model which I will elaborate later in this report, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. Effective groups are groups that have creative ideas, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes. Group members will be more involved with the group and goals of the organisation. As a manager, he or she need to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organisation. Elements that need extra attention are those involving people, organisation and the assigned task/s. A high degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members also has a positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members. 2.0 Five Components of GBM being practices from selected company Figure 2.1: Group Behaviour Model. Source: Robbins, S.P.(2003) Group Behavior Model or GBM as illustrated on figure 2.1 are the main components which are influencing to the performance and satisfaction levels of groups. I will explain each components of GBM where the company being practices. 2.1 An external condition is imposed on group Every work groups is influence by external conditions imposed by outside it. This external conditions include organizations overall strategy, the structure of authority, formal regulations, resources, employees selection process, performance appraisal and reward system, culture and workplace condition. Organizational Strategy, typically, overall strategy of the  organization  is usually determined  by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and how to achieve  these  goals.  For example,  they  can  direct the  organization  to reduce costs, improve  quality, etc. These  strategies  can  affect the  power of  the various  working groups, particularly in  determining  the resources  needed  to  carry out from them.  For example, termination of contract to IT maintenance vendor and UTPs employees need to take over. This action  will affect the  work group  which will  increase  their  anxiety  and further potential to  improve  the  internal  conflict. The organization has the authority structures that define who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions can be made by individuals or groups. This structure determines where a working group placed in a hierarchical organization, the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. Organization established rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms formal regulations to standardize the behavior of workers. The more rules formally applied to all workers, the more consistent and predictable behavior from them. Meanwhile, organizations resource such as money, time, materials, and other equipment have a major impact on group behavior. Some organizations have a lot of resources on which the employee obtained modern tools and equipment, sufficient and high quality. Organization with limited resources will affected of group activities. For employee selection process, A member of a work group is also a member of the organisation because the group is a part of the organisation. Accordingly, the criteria employed by the organisation for employee selection purposes will also be used to decide who becomes part of a group. Another variable that can affect all employees is the performance appraisal and reward system. The company provided specific, challenging and achievable goals. Reward will be given to both individual and groups for their achievement. Since groups are part of a bigger organisation, the behaviour of group members are also influenced by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. Each organization has their own culture in which it has defined standard behavior is acceptable and not acceptable to the employee. After a few months joining the organization, most employees will begin to understand the cultural practice in the organization. Group members are also part of the organization must follow dominant cultural practices of the organization although they have their own subculture. Subculture refers to a culture that received only adopted by certain groups within the organization. Finally, work group behaviour is also influenced by the workplace condition where condition of the workplace as provided by the organisation. Physical layout of employees work space, the location of equipment, etc are provided with amicable work environment. All these can simultaneously be obstructions and opportunities for the interaction of work groups. 2.2 Resources for Group Members Figure 2.2: General resources available to group members The potential level of achievement of the group is dependent on the resources carried by each member of the group. In this section, we will look at two sources generally highly significant, the ability of self and personality characteristics. Personal Capability means the knowledge, skills and abilities that exist in an individual. A large part of the groups performance can be predicted by assessing the knowledge and skills that exist in each of its members. It is true, even though a group of players who are moderate, but because the best coach, team spirit is high, they can finally beat a group of players much better. But this does not always happen. Evidence shows that there is a positive correlation between good interpersonal skills and group achievement. This refers to the management and resolution of conflict, cooperation in problem solving and communication skills. According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. Many  studies  about personality traits have shows that  there is  a  clear  relationship between the characteristics personality  and attitude  and  behavior of  the group.  The properties  have a  positive relationship  with our culture  also  showed  a positive relationship  with productivity, morale and  closeness  or  solidarity  groups.  These features  also  include features  such as  easily hang out,  take initiative,  openness, and  flexibility.  On the other hand,  negative features  such as  authoritarianism, dominant, and  not  according to  custom (unconventionality)  showed  a negative relationship  with productivity, morale  and the closeness of  the group.  These  personality traits  affect  the performance of the  group  by the way  people interact  with  other  members of  the  group. 2.3 Group Structure The working group has a structure that could form the behavior of group members. It also enables the majority of individual behavior and group performance groups described and predicted. The structure of the group include formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, composition and the degree of closeness of the group. (Please refer Appendix for the main Group Structure and function of ITMS dept.) (a) Formal Leadership Nearly all work groups have a formal leader. ITMS dept has managers, supervisors, project leader and head of a particular committee such as ITFO. Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has his/her own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying his/her position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within his/her different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. (c) Norms All groups have established norms. These norms, which strongly influence work behavior was defined as acceptable standards of behavior. An effective work group will establish norms on quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others. (d) Group Status Status is a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Awarding of status can influence the behavior of groups. ITFO practicing the title hold of the workgroups leaders are depending of staff grade such as grade ST3 in level 2 and ST2 and ST1 at level 1 (figure 1.1). (e) Group Size Smaller groups are more productive than larger ones. On the other hand, larger groups deal better with problem solving since more ideas are put forth. ITFO is a small group that consists of 3 to 6 members of each workgroups. (f) Group Composition Most group of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. When the group consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences, the greater the chances are for that group to accomplish its task successfully. Heterogeneous groups are more effective compared with homogeneous ones because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, it is also worth noting that both heterogeneous and homogeneous groups have their own strengths and weaknesses. (g) Cohesiveness ITFO workgroups are differ in their level of cohesiveness, which is the degree of members being attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. For instance, some work groups are cohesive because the members have spent a great deal of time together, the groups small size facilitates high interaction or the group has experienced external threats, which has resulted in its members becoming very close. Cohesiveness is important since it has proven to be positive towards the productivity of a group. 2.4 Group Processes Figure 2.3: General resources available to group members When the working group in which each member contributions are not clear, there is a tendency for individuals to reduce effort. In other words, social loafing describes the loss of certain processes as a result the group. However, the processes also can produce results positive such as the group could produce output exceeds input used. Heterogeneous group are potential to generate various creative alternatives. Figure 2.3 and 2.4 illustrated the resource of group members and effects of group process. Figure 2.4: Effects of group processes. Source: Adapted from Robbins (2003). 2.5 Group Task Tasks can be classified as either simple or complex. A standard task or routine is usually simple. A complex task is usually unusual as not in the norm and is seldom carried out. With simple or routine, group members simply need to follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives. Similarly, group members need to interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. Group performance relies on effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 3.0 Evaluation of the 5 components of GBM in UTP organization All evaluation findings are based on personal interview and observation from the members of the ITFO work group (figure 1.1). The evaluations resulted were obtained without difficulties because selected company is my workplace and I am one of the members of ITFO work group. These are the evaluations findings based on the GBM model: 3.1 An external condition is imposed on group. a) Organizational Strategy Overall strategy of the  organization  is usually  determined by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and  how  to achieve  these goals.  For example,  UTP has reduced costs of operation instead of hired outsource to organized convocation ceremony by build a certain group to handle it. ITFO group is formed to support such event directly. b) Authority structures Is defined who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions are clearly stated to groups members. This structure was cleared to ITFO to follow hierarchical organization (figure 1.1), the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. UTP has established standard rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms. c) Formal Regulations UTP has employee regulation and personal conduct which is cleared to all employees. Its help to the company to determine group behaviour. d) Organizations Resource It found that, money is the major concern need to pay attention. such as when group request budget which is required from the task like purchase high end computer to accelerate particular job, it always take longer time to approve. Thus, activities of the group will effect. e) Employee Selection Process ITFO has selected member to enter the group is within UTPs staff and recommended by ITMS managers. f) Performance Appraisal and Reward System. The UTP management provides specific, challenging and achievable goals such as, become Research University in 2013 and also practiced cleared mention about Performance Appraisal and Reward System. Behavior of group members is influence by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. g) Culture. The ITFO followed the UTP standard culture which has no obstacle to be effective work group. All members are Muslim and also most of UTP Top management. Thus, culture is same among them. h) Workplace Condition UTP has provided better and amicable employees work environment. The opportunity for the interaction for the all work groups is excellence. 3.2 Resources for Group Members a) Personal Capability- According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. For example, group of IT Helpdesk and Training (figure 1.1) is consist of capable members who are able to develop System Helpdesk and maintain. They have strong programming language. b) Personality Traits ITFO manager and supervisor which are support level and level 3 (figure 1.1) has determined each members from level 2 and 1 are based on personality trait. For example of some members which have lack of communication skill are not really suitable in Deployment and Production which is required good communication skill to interact outside from the groups. 3.3 Group Structure (a) Formal Leadership ITFO Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has their own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying their position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within their different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. From the evaluation made, the level acceptance and satisfaction of tasks are moderate. (c) Norms In terms of quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others, it was found the situations of all characteristic is fare, which means there are no big issue arise in the group. (d) Group Size It found that, the ITFO group size is acceptable to the tasks requirement. (e) Group Composition All group members of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. It consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences. Heterogeneous groups such ITFO IT Helpdesk and Deployment groups are more effective compared with homogeneous such as Inventory Management sub group because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, each group members have their own strengths and weaknesses. (f) Cohesiveness It found that, cohesiveness among ITFO is excellence because they interact well each other and the tasks given which is interrelated flows effectively. For example, the IT Helpdesk assigned task such as troubleshoot customer (lecturer) computer problem to the Deployment Production group. The result found they are easily interacts each other without conflict. 3.4 Group Processes ITFO work group has formed base on decision made from Support Level and Level 3 in figure 1.1. The main objective is to accelerate and give better IT Media services to UTP organisation. Based on the result since a year ITFO been established, effectiveness of the work group is still being monitored by ITMS manager. Support level has claimed that, there is positive movement in terms of efficiency of task given. For example, Deployment Production group (figure 1.1) has given task on migration of new computer laboratory instead of the custodian of the laboratory do their own migration which is consumed longer time and more effort. 3.5 Group Task Result from the findings, it found, with a simple or routine task, group members did well in term of follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives such as, how to log user problem in the Helpdesk system or how to install MS Office to the user computer. Similarly, group members have interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. For example, available version of software like MATLAB cant be installed to the new OS computer. Thus, ITFO work group (inventory management and Deployment group) need to work together to find alternative and decision have to be made. Group performance of ITFO is having effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 4.0 Workgroups Performance and Satisfaction Based on the Group Behavior Model which I was elaborated above, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. From the findings, ITFO it closely to be an effective group due to the creative ideas among members, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes such as IT revolution. As a IT manager on Support level in figure 1.1, he was able to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organization. For example, he encourages the workgroups member to attend suitable training to particular area of their expertise such as inventory management system to the inventory management workgroup. Nevertheless, the level 3 (figure 1.1) need extra attention in cohesiveness matter to their subordinate group which resulted less cohesiveness. Then, a degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members is moderate. For example, biasness occurred and favorable practices. If the situation can be eliminate, positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members will increase. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation to improve performance and satisfaction From the findings, it concluded that, better GBM approaches from selected company can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organization. External condition imposed on the group such as better performance appraisal and reward system is the most concerned into effectiveness of the work group performance and satisfaction. These are the three recommendations on how to improve performance satisfaction from the selected company: a) The performance appraisal and reward system from the company can be said stated clearly, but the result at the end is not the same of what members group has expected. Thus, misjudge about performance evaluation of the particular group must be eliminate and required accuracy. b) Cohesiveness of superior and support level 3 (figure 1.1) to their subordinate group members must be strength. According to Robbins (2004) Cohesiveness is importance because it has been found to be related to the groups productivity. To strengthen cohesiveness, the leader must frequently meet groups member such as conduct meeting twice a month, or involved external activity such as team building and sport event. c) From the findings, group task of each work group is claimed to be bias from certain member. For example, Deployment Production work group perceived that their task load is heavy compared to Inventory Management. Thus, leader must clearly state about task segregation and be balanced to each work groups member due to workgroup productivity and job satisfaction. Total number of words: 3387 References Dr. Faizuniah Pangil, Dr. Fais Ahmad, Dr. Ooi Yeng Keat, Hanisah A. Razak, Naslina Zakaria, Zulufli Aziz, Ruhana Busu, Assoc Prof Dr. Husna Johari (2010). BBGO4103 Organisational Behaviour. (2nd Edition). Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Robbins, Stephen P (2003). Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Educational, Incorporated. Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2003). Organizational Behavior (8th ed.). USA: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Collela, A., Hitt, M., Miller, C. (2006). Organisational behaviour: A strategic approach. USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Whai is workgroup. (n.d). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workgroup

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Steroids Drugs Sport At

Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports When involved in sports, you have to be competitive. You need to win more than anybody else. However, athletes are taking winning to the extreme. As the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular amongst athletes, many of them do not understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscles, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking the drugs is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athlete’s performance is degrading to sports and to the athlete, but after they stop using the drugs and lose some strength, you become trapped in the steroid cycle. Steroids were developed in Europe around 1930 to treat undernourished and healing patients after surgery. Steroids are a synthetic version of the human hormone called testosterone. It stimulates development of bones and muscles. Competitive weightlifters began using these steroids around the 1950s as a way to increase their athletic performance and gain an upper hand on the rest of their competitors. After its initial use in bodybuilding, the drug spread like fire through the rest of the sports world, ranging from sports in high school to professional athlete in the Olympic Games. Steroids may be taken by injection or orally. Steroids can be divided into two types: anabolic and androgenic, but the distinction in some ways is artificial. Anabolic steroids mainly affect the metabolism, immunity and muscle, while androgenic steroids have strong masculinisation effects on women and sometimes feminisation on men. Athletes should not take steroids or supplements as they can lead to addiction and severe health problems and other side effects. Some of the health problems include sterility, heart or liver disease, kidney damage, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and cancer in males and females. Other common side effects are increased aggressiveness and paranoia. The list can go on and on. Female users face even more problems than male users. In females, many physical changes may occur such as growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, diminished breasts, and abnormal menstrual cycles. If taken by to early, anabolic steroids may stunt growth, by fusing the growth plates. ... ...ce today, but the laws against steroids should be enforced more often. While users believe it is their decision to use drugs to gain strength, their friends and family will have to deal with the consequences as well as the user because of the side effects and possible death of the user. A person can use steroids just one time, but that one time can kill him twenty years down the road. References American Fitness Magazine. (2004, September/October). Out of Control. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from EBSCOhost database. [Journal article] Leshner, A.I. (n.d.) Anabolic Steroid Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/Anabolicsteroids.html [Online] Mishra, R. (June 1, 1995). Steroids and Sports Are a Losing Combination, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00107.html [Online] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2005 from http://www.steroidabuse.org [Online] â€Å"Steroids.† http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/steroids/index.html [Online] â€Å"Steroids.† Britannica Online Encyclopaedia [Online] Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Steroids Drugs Sport At Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sports When involved in sports, you have to be competitive. You need to win more than anybody else. However, athletes are taking winning to the extreme. As the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular amongst athletes, many of them do not understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscles, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking the drugs is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athlete’s performance is degrading to sports and to the athlete, but after they stop using the drugs and lose some strength, you become trapped in the steroid cycle. Steroids were developed in Europe around 1930 to treat undernourished and healing patients after surgery. Steroids are a synthetic version of the human hormone called testosterone. It stimulates development of bones and muscles. Competitive weightlifters began using these steroids around the 1950s as a way to increase their athletic performance and gain an upper hand on the rest of their competitors. After its initial use in bodybuilding, the drug spread like fire through the rest of the sports world, ranging from sports in high school to professional athlete in the Olympic Games. Steroids may be taken by injection or orally. Steroids can be divided into two types: anabolic and androgenic, but the distinction in some ways is artificial. Anabolic steroids mainly affect the metabolism, immunity and muscle, while androgenic steroids have strong masculinisation effects on women and sometimes feminisation on men. Athletes should not take steroids or supplements as they can lead to addiction and severe health problems and other side effects. Some of the health problems include sterility, heart or liver disease, kidney damage, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and cancer in males and females. Other common side effects are increased aggressiveness and paranoia. The list can go on and on. Female users face even more problems than male users. In females, many physical changes may occur such as growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, diminished breasts, and abnormal menstrual cycles. If taken by to early, anabolic steroids may stunt growth, by fusing the growth plates. ... ...ce today, but the laws against steroids should be enforced more often. While users believe it is their decision to use drugs to gain strength, their friends and family will have to deal with the consequences as well as the user because of the side effects and possible death of the user. A person can use steroids just one time, but that one time can kill him twenty years down the road. References American Fitness Magazine. (2004, September/October). Out of Control. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from EBSCOhost database. [Journal article] Leshner, A.I. (n.d.) Anabolic Steroid Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse. http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Steroids/Anabolicsteroids.html [Online] Mishra, R. (June 1, 1995). Steroids and Sports Are a Losing Combination, US Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2005, from http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00107.html [Online] National Institute on Drug Abuse. Anabolic Steroid Abuse. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2005 from http://www.steroidabuse.org [Online] â€Å"Steroids.† http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/drugfact/steroids/index.html [Online] â€Å"Steroids.† Britannica Online Encyclopaedia [Online]

Analysis of Urban Composition using Space Syntax and Computer Techniques

A esteemed axiom from Winston Churchill goes that people shape edifices, and so edifices transform people. The affects from edifices, or more specifically, from the built environment to people is widely-belive in the thought of architectural and urban forms. It has led to some phantasies that trying to reform society by bettering design, such as the Claude-Nicholas Ledoux’s thought of â€Å"cites ideales† in 18Thursdaycentury and the thought of â€Å"reforming the environment alternatively of reforming the people. Peoples could alter themselves if the environment bend to be correct† by Buckminster Fuller in the sixtiess. The overtures to polish the interior relationship between built environment and societal life are truly uncommon apart from above. Under this circumstance, infinite sentence structure, a theory started twenty old ages ago which seting forward by Hillier and Hanson ( 1984 ) , being developed at the Laboratory of University College London and globally distribute over the old ages. Space sentence structure is to analyze the urban composing by utilizing computing machine techniques. In the words of Hillier et Al, infinite sentence structure is a group of techniques which contains the comprehensive cognition of some facets in edifices and colonies, such as quantitative analysis, representation and spacial constellation account. As a broadly definition of constellation, on one manus, it should see one tierce of the relation between two infinites at least, on the other manus, it should see complex dealingss among all infinites at most. Hence, spacial constellation is far more than merely a simple thought of spacial relation and demand to mention non merely a brace of related infinites ( 1987, p.363 ) . Harmonizing to Hillier ( 1984 ) , the 1 who made a breakthrough beyond others, in that infinite sentence structure had by now developed a precise method to depict topological dealingss, locally and globally at one time, in one graph, for edifice and colonies, as a social-spatial issue, with a witting theory about a deep construction in societal infinite in the built environment, in the original signifier of infinite sentence structure, it chiefly emphasized urban forms of the motion of prosaic. It was subsequently generalized to a figure of other countries, such as urban conveyance mold, calculating the grade of air pollution, measuring different vicinities burglaries occurred, and gauging the possibility of development of retail around the streets. In the work of â€Å"Space sentence structure: a different urban perspective† ( 1984 ) , Hillier mentioned three different facets. The intelligibility of infinite, the continuity of business and the predictability of infinite. He thought the spacial organisation of urban countries affects forms of motion and usage harmonizing to good defined rules. And he went on presenting how infinite sentence structure works. It is based on a dweller or a human organic structure in a local point, sing two points, visibleness and the permeableness and doing two waies, the longest axial line and the smallest bulging infinite to develop two maps, axial map and convex map, for urban colonies or edifices. In this manner of analysis, every point in the system has both a one- and two- dimensional facet which means every point has a local and planetary dimension. Now allow us concentrate on most widely used technique of infinite sentence structure in urban analysis, the axial map. Harmonizing to Hillier, in order to understand the â€Å"axial map† , the significance of â€Å"axial lines† and the word â€Å"integration† should be understand clearly. â€Å"Axial line† is basic elements of infinite sentence structure analysis, which is from unconditioned two human inherent aptitudes, visibleness and permeableness. ‘Axial line’ represents the lower limit and longest ocular line associating the different ‘convex space’ . The word â€Å"integration† is initial of import in infinite sentence structure. To explicate it, the construct of deepness should be known first. Take the five different plane types in Figure 1 ( from left to compensate 1-1-1, 1-1-2, 1-1-3, 1-1-4, 1-1-5 ) for illustration, each program consists of three indoor infinites and an out-of-door infinite O. The Justified Graph , which show the relation between out-of-door infinite O and the remainder of infinites, is shown blew each program. The syntactic characteristics of infinites of five different program could be discerned from the Justified Graph. Comparing with F1-1-5 ( F= figure ) , F1-1-1 is a deep sentence structure. Therefore, F1-1-5 is a shallow sentence structure. However, F1-1-1 and F1-1-5 are deep tree sentence structure when comparing with F1-1-2 and 1-1-3. And F1-1-2 and F1-1-3 are two different deep ring sentence structure. Besides, F1-1-4 is a sentence structure between shallow tree sentence structure and shallow ring sentence structure. From the Justified Graph, convenient grade of different convex infinite could be easy shown. In F1-1-2, bulging infinite b2 locates on a deeper and less convenient topographic point comparing with a2 and c2. Although b4 locates on a shallow place, the convenient degree is inferior to infinite O. Because it is two justified stairss off from c4. However, c4 is the most inconvenient topographic point of the system, which is two justified stairss to a4 and b4. It should be noticed that the â€Å"deep† , â€Å"shallow† and â€Å"step† being discussed donnot stand for the existent distance. It is a construct of morphological. â€Å"Deep† and â€Å"shallow† merely show the degree of artworks and â€Å"step† means the figure of infinites from one convex infinite to another in the artworks. The value of integrating of a line linked to its deepness to other lines in one system. To be more specific, the integrating value in infinite sentence structure means how good of the system integrated, how good the elements within the system connect with each other. The most incorporate systems are those with shallowest lines on norm, and the most detached are those with deepest lines ( Hillier et al, 1993, page 35 ) . Integration is the chief portion of the analysis of axial map. The motion of people strongly depend on the integrating value of each line. Integration values play a important function in understanding the map of urban systems in line maps since it result in that the Numberss of motion which pass down each line has a high grade of influence by its integrating value. From some of the point of view, infinite sentence structure is to widen the construct of web analysis to architecture design and urban planning. Its prognosis of motion is controversial. However, the map of infinite sentence structure can non be negated. To be more thorough, I read the book of â€Å"Space is a machine† , anther one written by Bill Hillier. In this subdivision some reappraisals of this book will be illustrated. 1. The position of â€Å"configuration† In the debut at the beginning, Bill Hillier stated that the most critical consequence in these surveies is the construct of â€Å"configuration† bit by bit enter into the centre of the phase. In short, the â€Å"configuration† is intended as a set of relationships. Each of them depends on all others’ association with it. New techniques of spacial analysis have been developed from these, which brings the spacial logic of architecture and urban to visible radiation. What is more, it besides quantifies a truth of the cardinal point being â€Å"how to form things together. Similar with the word â€Å"pattern† , constellation stress the overall construct of complex systems instead than partial. However, we do non utilize the word â€Å"pattern† due to the fact form means to follow regularity. The construct of â€Å"spatial configuration† means the unity of a relationship with any of the relationship depends on the relationships of all other relevant. Here showing a formal but simple definition: for two infinites, if we define the spacial relationship of any sort of connexion between them, such as next or exchange, the relationship between them will alter depend on the manner of any one or both of these two infinites linking with the 3rd infinite. Wherein the constellation is present ( p.14 ) . In the book, Hillier aimed to suggest a new design method, which the constellation is the nucleus construct. It insists that architecture design or urban planning is a procedure with constellation, which means the local alteration promote the overall alteration. Even if merely rely on the cognition of constellation can back up the design. Hillier recalled the infinite sentence structure theory and methodological analysis of some of import new accomplishments in the preamble. These consequences make a more solid and effectual theoretical foundation for infinite sentence structure.Space as a thing in itselfSpace is an nonsubjective property of houses, which can be independently described as material things. However, in architecture, it is rare to depict infinite wholly independent, such as â€Å"enclosed space† is to depict the infinite trusting on the physical signifier instead than to specify infinite as a unrestrained signifier. Roger Scruton see the construct of infinite is a consequence of an chesty architect’s systematic mistake. In the position of Scuton, infinite is non a thing in itself, but simply the antonym of physical entities, that is, the staying of the houses. The infinite of the Fieldss and interior infinite within the church seem no difference except the ornament of the church. Hillier made an illation about the beginnings of Scruton: Descartes thought that the first property of material objects is their â€Å"extension† , which are the properties can be measured, such as length, tallness and breadth. All of these do non trust on worlds. And the 2nd property is, to some extent, dependant on the subjective feeling of worlds, such as â€Å"green† or â€Å"good† . Widening to the construct of infinite, taking the objects from the infinite it occupies, the extension still exist. And this is an property of infinite. Therefore, infinite can be summarized as an extension without object. So when we remove the object from the infinite it occupies, we do non believe that the extension of the infinite has besides been removed. In this position, infinite is matching to the physical properties being defined so it becomes a mensurable belongings of material objects. Hillier believes that one time look upon the infinite from this position, you can non understand how it works in the infinite of human events. From the position of civilization and society, infinite is non merely a impersonal model of societal and cultural concept, but to the full integrated into the societal and cultural signifiers. Human behaviour is non easy occur in the infinite, but has its ain spacial forms. In the subdivision of â€Å"space as configuration† , the relationship between infinite and society does non be on the degree of a individual infinite or the person ‘s activities, but in the constellation of human and infinite. From this subdivision, the layout of spacial relationships is converted into J-diagram ( Figure accommodation ) to make analysis ( p. 11 ) . The demand for an analytic theory of architectureArchitectural theory is to utilize the constructs, words and Numberss to depict the unexpressible intuition, seeking to uncover one or a few unexpressible regulations. Possibly we can state that architectural theory is seeking to make a â€Å"inexpressible technology† , which we can manage those unexpressible signifiers, figuration and spacial forms. At least in some facets, architectural theory describes and steer the design. So in the footings of design, we can state architectural theory is an effort to command edifice design. The architectural theory discussed more in standardized in the yesteryear. They are deficiency of analysis. This is because those unexpressible engineerings merely depict a certain type of figuration. P36 After tonss of treatment about construct of â€Å"rule† and â€Å"theory† , the first measure of seting frontward the theory is the standardization of construct. And so get down to construct our â€Å"inexpressible technology† . The method Hillier used is turning the existent infinite into abstract infinite, to acquire a clear apprehension of these features. Using abstract co-ordinate system replace the infinite with object. In this system, the axis represent the belongingss which can be ruled. P38 With this co-ordinate system, change overing the belongingss of object into coordinate infinite and turn uping the object by utilizing a series of points. So the regularity of the belongings was revealed. This is a basic recording method, which can enter the similarities, differences and relationship between objects in an nonsubjective and independent manner. However, it should be noticed that what we have seen is non the theory. It is the procedure theoretical accounts produce those regulations. In the book, many of the constructs are divided into two different dimension of belongingss by â€Å"dichotomy† , such as the scientific and artistic of the architecture ( p.31 ) . For illustration, architecture is defined as a object and a activity at the same clip ( p.5 ) . And the most of import conceptual differentiation is the standardisation and analytic of architectural theory. Architectural theory by and large appears in normative manner. However, on a deeper degree, it is no less than scientific theories about analytic. Architectural theory is non and can non be a simple regulation. At least, it is a composite of analytic and normative. If the analysis of the theory is incorrect, so the design will non be successful. Architectural theory Tells us how the universe should be like, but we foremost have to cognize what sort of universe it is. ( p.29 ) Why architectural theory should utilize in this alone signifier? The reply lies in the kernel of the work of designers. To be more specific, it is the design. The kernel of design is an activity. It raises all sorts of issues, and architectural theoretician using theory in the signifier of analysis and normative and propose solutions to these jobs. The kernel of the procedure of design is create and anticipation. Theories are used to back up the procedure of create and the analysis of calculating procedure. R. A. Scruton, A Short History of Modern Philosophy: from Descartes to Wittgenstein, ARK Paperbacks,1984.